Healthy Balance - Healthy Balance Glossary

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Nutrition Glossary

A

Absorption: Absorption is a step in the digestive process that involves the movement of nutrients in the digestive system to the rest of the body.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is a nucleotide found in all living tissues, and consists of an adenosine molecule and three phosphate groups. It is responsible for transferring energy within cells, and it is required for the synthesis of ribonucleic acid. ATP is produced during cellular respiration.

Aerobic Exercise

Aerobic exercise is any physical activity that keeps the heart rate up for an extended period of time. Aerobic exercise is important for maintaining a healthy heart, strong muscles, and to aid in oxygen transport throughout the body.

Alginic Acid

Alginic acid is a gelatinous gum that is found in some types of brown seaweed. It is used in food as a thickening agent for soups and jellies.

Allergen (Food Allergen)

An allergen is an antigen that is recognized by the immune system and causes an allergic reaction. Allergens vary from person to person, but some common food allergens that can be potentially very serious include peanuts, nuts, seafood, and shellfish. Allergens do not include carbohydrates of fats.

Allergy (Food Allergy)

An allergy is a damaging reaction of the immune system to an allergen. An allergic reaction can result in things such as a runny nose, hives, or in extreme cases, even death.

Ally Methyl Trisulfide, Dithiolthiones

Ally methyl trisulfide dithiolthiones are found in certain vegetables, such as broccoli and cauliflower, and may help lower the "bad" LDL cholesterol and promote a healthy immune system.

Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)

ALA works as an antioxidant in the body, and lipoic acid is required by the body to produce energy at the cellular level.

Alpha-Carotene

Alpha-carotene is a natural substance found in yellow, orange, and red foods, such as squash, tangerines, and carrots. Alpha-carotene can be converted by the body into Vitamin A.

American Dietetic Association (ADA)

The ADA is the biggest organization for nutrition professionals in the United States. The majority of the ADA's members are registered dietitians. The organization seeks to lead the future for dietetics.

Amino Acid

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid molecule consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are twenty standard amino acids that combine to make up every protein that is essential to the human body.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)

ACE is an enzyme that aids in the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which constricts blood vessels, and in turn raises blood pressure. ACE inhibitors are often used as a means of blood pressure control.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an emotional eating disorder, in which the individual refuses to eat and is obsessed with losing weight. Anorexia is usually diagnosed by a psychiatrist or psychologist, and has possibly the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric disorders. Treatment for anorexia nervosa is typically focused first on gaining weight, and also on psychological therapy.

Anthocyanidins

Also known as "flavonols," anthocynanidins are a group of flavonoids that protect against collagen damage due to inflammation. They are also antioxidants that may help improve blood vessel health. Anthocyanidins are found in fruits such as cranberries, blackberries, and blueberries.

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of the human body in terms of measuring proportions and dimensions.

Antibody

An antibody is a Y-shaped protein that is used by the immune system to fight against antigens.

Anticarcinogens

Anticarcinogens are chemicals that reduce the risk of cancer. Antioxidant vitamins and flavonoids are known anticarcinogens.

Antigen

An antigen is a substance that induces a response from the immune system.

Antioxidant

An antioxidant is a chemical that inhibits the reactions of potentially harmful oxidizing agents in the body. Antioxidants are thought to help prevent cancer and heart disease, and can be found in naturally in plants. Good sources of antioxidants include tea, blueberries, broccoli, pomegranates, cranberries, and spinach.

Appetite

Appetite is the body's desire for food. It serves to ensure that the body takes in enough nutrients to meet its needs.

Aspartame

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that does not contain carbohydrates. It is often marketed under the brand name Equal, or NutraSweet. Aspartame is approximately 200 times sweeter than natural sugar, but is not able to be used for baking purposes. It is a controversial product based on potential side effects.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease that occurs when there is plaque buildup on the inner walls of the arteries, making them hard and narrow. This is a progressive disease may eventually lead to heart attack or stroke.

Atkins Diet

The Atkins diet is a low-carbohydrate diet that was adopted and promoted by Dr. Robert Atkins. The diet suggests that the major cause of obesity is the over-consumption of refined carbohydrates. The diet disregards the food pyramid, and assumes that saturated fats are not as bad as they are often claimed to be, but trans fats should be avoided.

B

Bariatrics: Bariatrics is the field of medicine that involves studies and treats obesity.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR is the amount of energy that the body uses while at rest. This energy is only sufficient to keep vital functions operating. BMR can increase with increased exercise and muscle mass, and can decrease with age and with loss of muscle mass. BMR is important for determining how many calories to consume in a day, because it is generally one's greatest form of calorie expenditure.

Beta-Carotene

Beta-carotene is a non-toxic nutrient known for its antioxidant powers. It can be found naturally in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, as well as green leafy foods. Synthetic beta-carotene supplements, however, may actually increase the risk and occurrence of cancer.

Bioavailability

Bioavailability refers to the percentage of a substance that is absorbed by the body and enters the bloodstream. Bioavailability may be influenced by improper absorption in the GI tract.

Biological Value (BV)

Biological value is a measure that indicates the quality of protein and the efficiency with which the body utilizes it. It is measured by looking at nitrogen retention and excretion. The more nitrogen that is excreted, the less effective the protein.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is a measure of the amount of pressure that is in one's arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), and includes a systolic, and diastolic measure. The systolic pressure is the greatest measure of pressure, while the diastolic is the lowest measure of pressure. A normal blood pressure for a healthy adult is around 120/80 mmHg.

Blood Sugar

Blood sugar is a measure that indicates the level of glucose in the blood. Low blood sugar is associated with hypoglycemia, while high blood sugar is associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI is a statistic that compares one's height to one's weight, and may be used to determine if someone is obese or underweight. BMI is calculated by taking one's weight in kilograms and dividing it by the square of one's height in meters.

Boron

Boron is a trace element that is found naturally in all plant foods. It is useful in the human body as it aids in the retention of other important minerals.

Bran

Bran is part of a grain husk, which is separated after milling. Bran is high in dietary fiber and other nutrients and is often used to enrich bread and grain products.

Buckwheat

Buckwheat is a plant that is characterized by its white flowers and small, triangular seeds. It is not a grass, and is not related to the true wheat plant. Studies suggest that buckwheat is good for promoting healthy muscle growth, and it provides a good gluten-free flour alternative.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is a psychological condition and an eating disorder in which the individual consumes a large quantity of food in a short amount of time (binges), then intentionally purges the food. Bulimia is often developed because of psychological factors, including the feeling that the individual has a lack of control, and is often associated with anxiety. Treatment usually consists of some form of therapy.

C

Caffeine: Caffeine is an alkaloid compound that stimulates energy and fights fatigue, affecting the central nervous system. Caffeine is found naturally in plants such as coffee beans, teas, and cocoa beans. Too much caffeine can lead to an addiction and a condition called "caffeinism."

Calcium

Calcium is a necessary element in the human diet, as it contributes to healthy bones and teeth. Calcium can be found in foods like dairy products, beans, and broccoli.

Calorie

A Calorie is defined as the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius, and is equal to approximately 4.184 kJ. It often called a "large calorie" or "kilogram calorie," and is equal to 1,000 small calories (or gram calories). It is these "large" calories that are displayed on the nutritional labels of food products to let you know how much energy you are consuming.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds found in foods and living things, and they are a major source of energy in one's diet. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch, and cellulose, and have many functions in the human body, including storing and transporting energy, and playing a role in the immune system.

Casein

Casein is the main protein that is found in milk and cheese.

Cavities (Dental Caries)

Dental caries, commonly referred to as cavities or tooth decay, is a disease that destroys the structure of teeth. Cavities can cause tooth pain, infection, and tooth loss. It is the most widespread chronic disease among children in the U.S. Cavities are caused by bacteria that produce acid, which in turn destroys teeth. Cavities can be prevented by using good oral hygiene and minimizing sugar intake.

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease where the body cannot properly digest food due to a sensitivity to gluten. People with the disease must adhere to a gluten-free diet.

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

The Center for Disease control is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The CDC aims to help control and prevent health problems, injuries, disabilities, and environmental health threats. The CDC uses research findings to help people improve their health, and they also respond to health emergencies that occur.

Cereal Germ

Cereal germ is a floury substance obtained from the embryos of grains. It is an important part of whole grains, as it contains many essential nutrients, including vitamin E, folic acid, and zinc.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a sterol compound that is produced by the body and found in cell membranes. It is used by the body for the production of hormones and the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins. High levels of cholesterol found in the blood are associated with heart disease.

Cholesterol (Dietary)

Cholesterol found in food is called dietary cholesterol. It is thought that consumption of dietary cholesterol is not strongly linked with cholesterol levels in the blood. Dietary cholesterol is found in foods such as liver, eggs, and prawns.

Choline

Choline is a nutrient that is essential to the human body. It helps the heart and brain function properly, and is used in the production and repair of cellular membranes. Choline is found in foods such as beef liver, egg yolks, soy, and iceberg lettuce.

Chromium

Chromium is a trace metal that is essential for the proper metabolism of sugar, as it helps the body be more responsive to insulin. It also helps promote lean muscle mass.

Cobalt

Cobalt is a metal that is necessary in humans in small amounts. It is one of the primary components of Vitamin B12.

Coenzyme Q10 (COQ10)

Coenzyme Q10 is becoming a popular dietary supplement. It is an antioxidant, and may help prevent or treat heart disease, gum disease, and breast cancer.

Collagen

Collagen is the main type of protein that makes up the connective tissue in living organisms. Collagen is found in many places in the body, including bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

Complex Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates are made up of a more complex, chain-like structure, which takes longer for the body to break down than "simple" carbohydrates. For this reason, complex carbohydrates will give more sustainable energy. Complex carbohydrates include grains, vegetables, and beans.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Conjugated linoleic acid is a trans fat that may have some health benefits. It can be found in beef and milk, and may help prevent certain kinds of cancer and increase the effectiveness of insulin in type-2 diabetics.

Copper

Copper is an element that is carried mainly in the bloodstream and often acts as an enzyme. Copper aids in the formation of hemoglobin, and is involved in electron transport.

Cortisol

Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress to help the body return to homeostasis. It can raise blood pressure and blood sugar levels.

D

Dairy (Milk and Dairy food group): Dairy products are foods that are made from milk. Milk and dairy products are an important part of the diet because they are rich in calcium. Margarine and butter are not included in this food group, but rather in the fats and sugars group.

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough water to maintain proper functionality. Dehydration can occur from many causes, including insufficient water intake during extended physical activity, survival situations, electrolyte imbalance, and some infectious diseases. Symptoms include dizziness, headaches, and decreased blood pressure. Drinking fluids and getting the proper electrolytes are important to help avoid and treat dehydration.

Detoxification

Detoxification, or detox, is the removal of harmful toxins in the body. The liver, kidneys and lower GI tract are responsible for detoxifying the body. Other techniques include dialysis, chelation therapy, diet modification, and consuming certain herbs.

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

DHEA is a hormone made by the human body. It is found in the body more abundantly than any other hormone. DHEA supplements have been used to treat several conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus. It has been shown to increase the effectiveness of insulin and improve mood.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease related to insulin, where either the body does not product enough insulin, or the body cannot use insulin properly.

Diabetes, Type 1

Type 1 Diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes, usually occurs during youth, and is characterized by increased blood sugar levels due to the body not producing enough insulin. People with this type of diabetes must use insulin injections and carefully monitor their carbohydrate intake.

Diabetes, Type 2

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. It may occur at any age, and is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels due to the body not being able to use its insulin properly. People with type 2 diabetes must carefully manage diet and exercise.

Diet

A diet is a term that describes the types of foods that someone eats. Oftentimes, people will say that they are going on a "diet," meaning that they will only be eating particular foods. Specific "diets" may be eaten to help improve health or lose weight.

Dietary Supplement

A dietary supplement is a substance used to provide the body with additional nutrients. These are usually nutrients that are not present or are insufficient in one's diet. The use and benefits of dietary supplements is controversial.

Dietitian

A dietitian is someone who provides expert advice on diet and nutrition.

Digestion

Digestion is the process by which the body breaks down food into nutrients that can be used throughout the body. This process takes places in the digestive system.

Diuretic

A diuretic is a substance that increases the rate of urination from the body. Diuretics are useful in the treatment of heart failure, some liver and kidney conditions, and hypertension. Known diuretics include many herbs and drugs.

DOMS (Delayed-onset muscle soreness)

DOMS is the pain that is felt in the muscles after exercising. It is usually felt 24 to 72 hours after exercising, and often lasts a few days. The exact cause of the pain is unknown, but the most recent theory states that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers.

E

E. Coli: E. coli is a type of bacteria that is often found in the intestines. However, certain strains of E. coli can cause illness in humans, including food poisoning, meningitis, and urinary tract infections. E. coli can be contracted in many ways, including by eating undercooked ground beef, or contaminated lettuce or spinach, by drinking unpasteurized milk, or by swimming in water that is contaminated by sewage.

Eating Disorders

An eating disorder is any one of many psychological disorders associated with unusual or disturbed eating habits.

Echinacea

Echinacea is an herb often used for medicinal purposes, as it is can help boost the immune system in order to fight off colds and infections.

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are substances containing ions that can be broken down by electrolysis. Examples of electrolytes include sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Proper electrolyte balance in the body is important for hydration, blood pH, and proper nerve and muscle functionality.

Ellagic Acid

Ellagic acid is an antioxidant compound that is taken from certain fruits and nuts. It has been associated with some anti-carcinogenic properties, and may help to kill cancer cells.

Empty Calorie

Empty calories are calories that come from substances containing little nutritional value. Eating empty calories can lead to deficiencies in necessary nutrients.

Endosperm

Endosperm is the part of a seed that contains nutritional content and surrounds a plant embryo. It generally contains protein and starch. Endosperm is important in the human diet, as it is the nutritious portion of grains.

Enriched Foods

Enriched foods are foods that have vitamins and minerals added to them that are meant to replace nutrients that were lost from the food during processing.

Enzyme

An enzyme is a protein that acts like a catalyst in the body to help expedite chemical reactions.

Esophagus

The esophagus is an organ through which food moves from the mouth into the stomach, by a process called peristalsis.

Essential Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids are the fatty acids that the human body requires for metabolism, but cannot product on its own. These include two families of essential fatty acids called omega-3 and omega-6.

Extra lean

Extra lean refers to meat, seafood and poultry with less than 5 grams of fat, less than 2 grams of saturated fat, and less than 95 milligrams of cholesterol per reference amount and per each 100 grams of product.

F

Fat: Fat is a type of lipid that consists of three fatty acid molecules and a glycerol molecule, to form a triglyceride. Fats generally refer to the group of lipids that are solid at room temperature, as opposed to oils, which are liquid at room temperature. Fats are an essential part of a diet for humans and animals. It is recommended by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute that 25-35% of one's daily calorie intake come from fat.

Fat, Saturated

Saturated fats are fats that are solid at room temperature, and are usually animal fats. This depends on the chemical make up of the fatty acid chains. With saturated fats, each carbon atom in the fatty acid chains is bonded with two hydrogen atoms. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends that up to 7% of one's daily calorie intake come from saturated fats.

Fat, Trans (Trans Fatty Acid)

Trans fats are a group of fats that are not needed or beneficial for a healthy diet. They are found naturally in some meat and dairy products, but are found more often in processed foods that contain "partially hydrogenized" oils and fats.

Fat, Unsaturated

Unsaturated fats are generally liquid at room temperature. Their chemical makeup consists of fatty acid chains that have carbon molecules that form what are called "double-bonds," with only one molecule of hydrogen. Because the carbon atoms are not bonded with as many hydrogen atoms as they could be, they are called "unsaturated." If there is only one double bond, it is called a monounsaturated fat. If there is more than one double bond, it is called a polyunsaturated fat. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends that up to 20% of one's daily calorie intake come from monounsaturated fats, and up to 10% of one's daily calorie intake come from polyunsaturated fats.

Fertilizer

A fertilizer can be an organic or inorganic material that is used to help supply nutrients to plants and stimulate growth.

Fiber

Dietary fiber is found in the part of plants that maintains their structure, and is indigestible by humans. However, fiber is a necessary part of one's diet to maintain a healthy digestive system, as it helps to keep the large intestine functioning properly.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments that have shown to have some great potential health effects, including acting as an antioxidant/anticarcinogen, and having anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids may also help protect against heart disease. They can be found in green tea, citrus fruit, berries, red wine, onions, and legumes.

Flaxseed Oil

Flaxseed oil taken from the flax plant and is often taken as a nutritional supplement because it contains omega-3 fatty acids and may help fight heart disease and arthritis.

Fluorine

Fluorine is an element whose necessity to the human body is debated. It does, however, provide some health benefits such as protecting bones and teeth. Fluoride has been added to many types of toothpaste and to the water supply for this reason.

Food

Food is any nutritious substance that animals or humans can eat or drink. Food is essential for growth and health of organisms, and generally consists of carbohydrates, fats, water, and/or protein. Eating many types of foods is important for a balanced diet and proper nutrition in order to stay healthy.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The Food and Drug Administration is part of the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Its purpose is to regulate the sale of foods sold in the U.S. They help ensure safety, are responsible for inspections, and develop standards for nutrition, quality, safety, and food labeling. The only foods not regulated by the FDA are eggs, meat, and poultry, as they are regulated by the USDA.

Food Poisoning

Food poisoning is caused by toxins or bacteria that are present in food, and usually results in vomiting and diarrhea. Food poisoning usually occurs due to the mishandling of food. Food that is undercooked, improperly cooked or reheated, left out for too long, or cross-contamination may all potentially lead to food poisoning.

Food Pyramid

The food pyramid is a nutrition guide that was released by the USDA in 1992, listing food categories and the recommended number of daily servings for each. The idea is that you are supposed to eat more of the foods at the bottom of the pyramid and less of the foods at the top of the pyramid. The bottom level of the pyramid is bread, cereal, rice, and pasta. Next are the fruits and the vegetables. The third tier consists of the milk, yogurt, and cheese group, as well as the meats, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group. Finally, at the top of the pyramid are fats and oils. In 2005, the USDA released the new MyPyramid, which is more tailored to fit the individual, includes measurements instead of servings, and adds physical activity recommendations.

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

The Food Quality Protection Act was established in 1996, and calls for higher safety standards, and a change in the way that the EPA regulates the use of pesticides.

Fortified Foods

Fortified foods are foods that have vitamins and minerals added to them, in excess of what was present before processing. Foods that are commonly fortified include milk and salt.

Free Radicals

Free radicals are ions that have unpaired electrons in their outer shell. They are highly reactive molecules and play a role in many different biological processes. Although some free radicals are necessary, they have also been linked to cancer, because they react with DNA and cause mutations to occur.

Fruit

Fruit, as relates to food, is considered to be any product of a plant that is sweet, fleshy, and contains seeds. The USDA recommends 1-2 cups of fruit each day, which may include fresh, canned, frozen, dried or 100% fruit juice.

Functional foods

Functional foods are generally considered to be foods that boast particular health benefits other than simply providing the nutrients found in the food.

G

Garlic: Garlic is a plant that grows bulbs used in cooking and in medicine. It has a strong smell and taste, and is related to the onion. Garlic contains flavonoids, Vitamin B, and minerals, and is sometimes used in medicine to fight infections and treat cardiovascular disease.

Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

The GI tract, also know as the digestive tract, or gut, is a system of organs in the body that takes in food, digests food to obtain nutrients and energy, and excretes waste. The GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus.

Ginger

Ginger is a commonly used spice that is made from the rhizome of a plant. The spice's use originated in China and spread to other parts of the world. Ginger also has several medicinal uses, as it can be used to treat motion sickness, as an anti-inflammatory, and it also contains powerful antioxidants.

Ginseng

Ginseng is a plant that has been used for many years in traditional Chinese medicine. It is an antioxidant and anticarcinogen.

Glucosamine

Glucosamine is an amino sugar that is found in human cartilage. It is sometimes taken as a supplement, often to treat symptoms of osteoarthritis.

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar that is essential to biology and a crucial source of energy in the body. Glucose forms the building blocks for carbohydrates in the diet.

Gluten

Gluten is a substance that is found in many grain products such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is responsible for the elasticity of dough and bread products. People with coeliac disease must often adhere to a gluten-free diet.

Glycemic Index (GI)

The glycemic index is a scale that ranks foods based on their effects on blood-sugar levels. The scale goes from 1 to 100, and compares the effects of a particular type of food with the effects of glucose. Foods with a lower GI level are generally better, as they release energy more slowly, which is particularly appropriate for those, such as diabetics, who need to watch their blood-sugar levels.

Grain

The grain food group consists of rice, wheat, oats, cornmeal, and barley. Examples of food in this group include bread, cereals, and tortillas. It is generally recommended to consume 5-8 ounce-equivalents of grains each day.

Gram

A gram is a metric unit that is used to measure mass. Food labels will include the number of grams of particular nutrients, such as carbohydrates.

Grape Seed Extract

Grape seed extract is a powerful antioxidant that may also have cardiovascular benefits.

Green Tea

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from steamed tea leaves. It has traditionally been common in China and Japan, and is now gaining popularity in the Western world. The way it is prepared minimizes oxidation and makes green tea a great source of antioxidants. Other health benefits may include fighting against Alzheimer's, fighting against certain cancers, increasing metabolism, and treating arthritis.

H

HDL Cholesterol (Good Cholesterol): HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as "good cholesterol," as it may help remove plaque buildup in the arteries and help prevent heart attacks.

Health

Health refers to the state or condition of one's mind and body. Good health generally means that one is free from illness, injury, or other ailment.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells. It is responsible for transporting oxygen in humans and other animals.

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is a condition called arterial hypertension. It can lead to risk of strokes and heart attacks, and may be an indicator of other problems.

High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

HFCS is a type of corn syrup that has been processed to increase its fructose so that it is about as sweet as table sugar. HFCS is used in many soft drinks and other processed foods. Too much HFCS could have some potential health implications, including aiding in the obesity epidemic and causing cavities.

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is an amino acid found in the body. Elevated homocysteine levels can be a risk factor for heart disease and stroke.

Hunger

Hunger is the feeling of discomfort experienced due to lack of food, and is also associated with the desire to eat. The feeling of hunger is caused by the glycogen levels falling in the liver when not enough food is consumed.

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is a term referring to higher than normal blood sugar. Hyperglycemia is often caused by diabetes, but can also come from other causes, including obesity.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by too much of the thyroid hormone in the body. Symptoms may include heart palpitations, insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, and heat intolerance.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which the blood glucose level is low. Low blood sugar can lead to symptoms including shakiness, moodiness, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by many things, including an inborn metabolism error or from excessive insulin, such as the insulin injected in those with type 1 diabetes. Dietary changes can often help prevent hypoglycemia.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the body does not have enough of the thyroid hormone. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, cold intolerance, irritability, muscle cramps, and weight gain.

I

Indigestion: Indigestion refers to symptoms that occur due to eating food too quickly or foods that for another reason are difficult to digest. Symptoms of indigestion include pain/burning feeling in the upper stomach, nausea, bloating, burping, and heartburn. Antacids can help give temporary relief to indigestion.

Ingestion

Ingestion is the process of taking a substance into the body through the mouth. Eating is the ingestion of food.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that is created in the pancreas, and regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. Insulin is responsible for converting glucose (sugar) into energy.

Iodine

Iodine is a necessary element for the body in order to produce the thyroid hormone. Iodine can be found in seafood, as well as in seaweed and kelp. Oftentimes table salt is "iodized," or fortified with iodine, which helps ensure people get the recommended daily intake of 150 micrograms.

Iron

Iron is essential for all living organisms, and is necessary for the human body to transport oxygen in the blood.Not enough iron can lead to a condition called anemia. Natural sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, beans, chickpeas, and strawberries.

K

Ketoacidosis: Ketoacidosis is a severe condition in which the pH of blood is low. It is often caused by diabetes and may coexist with other symptoms such as dehydration and hyperglycemia.

Ketone bodies

Ketone bodies are compounds that are produced when fatty acids are used for energy. Excess ketone bodies can lead to conditions such as ketosis or ketoacidosis.

Ketosis

Ketosis is a stage in fat metabolism in which the fat is turned into fatty acids and ketones to be used as energy. Ketosis is sometimes induced through diets low in carbohydrates (such as the Atkins diet) to promote weight loss.

Kombucha

Kombucha is a supplement made from yeast and bacteria that are added to tea. Possible health benefits include aiding the liver in the detoxification process and helping to prevent cancer, although it has not yet been thoroughly researched.

Krebs Cycle

The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions in the body that produces a usable form of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

L

Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria that helps keep the GI tract healthy. This type of bacteria is often used in foods such as yogurt, cheese, pickles, and sauerkraut.

Lactose

Lactose is a type of sugar found primarily in milk.

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance is a condition whereby the body does not properly digest lactose, because there is not enough of the lactase enzyme. People who are lactose intolerant should not consume large amounts of lactose-containing foods, or symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, and diarrhea may exist.

LDL Cholesterol (Bad Cholesterol)

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is known as the "bad cholesterol," and it is what doctors look at to determine cholesterol concerns. It can build up in the arteries and potentially clog them, leading to atherosclerosis.

Lean (food)

Meat, seafood and poultry can be labeled "lean" if they have less than 10 grams of fat, less than 4 grams of saturated fat, and less than 90 milligrams of cholesterol per reference amount and per each 100 grams of product.

Legume

Legumes are considered the edible seeds, pods, or other parts of certain plants in the Leguminosae family. Foods that are considered legumes include peas, alfalfa, clover, beans, peanuts, and lentils.

Light/Lite

"Light" or "Lite" products must contain at least one-third fewer calories or at least 50% less fat per serving as compared to a reference amount.

Lignan

Lignan is an antioxidant compound that is found in plants. Lignan can be found in flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, certain berries, broccoli, and soybeans.

Low Blood Pressure

Low blood pressure is a condition called arterial hypotension. Low blood pressure may be a sign of serious illness, and may result in poor blood flow to the brain.

Low fat

Low fat products must contain 3 grams of fat or less (if reference amount is greater than 2 tablespoons). For main dish food items, "low fat" products must contain no more than 3 grams of fat for each 100 grams of product, and must not have more than 30% of the calories from fat.

Lutein

Lutein is an antioxidant that is found in green leafy vegetables, such as spinach. It may also help promote eye health and prevent eye diseases.

Lycopene

Lycopene is a red carotenoid and a powerful antioxidant that is found in red fruits such as tomatoes and berries.

M

Macronutrient: A macronutrient is a nutrient that the body requires in large amounts in order to function properly.

Mad Cow Disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

Mad cow disease is a disease that affects the central nervous system of cattle and is usually fatal. Eating meat from cows that had this disease can cause disorders in humans, including a new variation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (nvCJD). The USDA and FDA have set up measures to help prevent people from ingesting products contaminated with mad cow disease, and they closely monitor the meat supply.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral to the body, as it helps maintain healthy bones, nerves and muscles, and is needed for energy metabolism. Magnesium can be found in foods such as spinach, almonds, and seeds.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition means that the right nutrients are not being taken in by the body. It is usually caused by an improper diet or not enough food. Malnutrition over a long period of time can lead to starvation.

Manganese

Manganese is a trace element that is found in all life forms. It is useful for the maintenance of normal bone and tendon structure.

Meat

Meat, in terms of diet and nutrition, generally refers to the edible tissue of mammals (e.g. pork, beef). Meat is high in protein and low in carbohydrates. The fat content of meat should be taken into consideration, as animal fat contains a lot of saturated fat and cholesterol.

Metabolism

Metabolism consists of all the biochemical processes that occur within a living organism in order for it to survive. Metabolism is involved in both the storage and the use of energy.

Micronutrient

Micronutrients are nutrients that the body requires only in small amounts for growth and development.

Minerals

Minerals are inorganic, solid substances, which are essential to living organisms. The minerals that are required for humans are found in many types of food. However, mineral supplements are often recommended as well.

Mouth

The mouth begins the digestion process by chewing, and also breaks the food down further with saliva.

N

Nonfat: For a product to be labeled "nonfat" (also no fat, zero fat, etc.), it must have less than .5 grams of fat.

Nutrient

A nutrient is an element or compound that is needed by the body in order to grow and function.

Nutrition

Nutrition is the study of the effects of food consumption on health and disease. It also refers to the process of obtaining food that is necessary for growth and health.

Nutrition Facts label

A Nutrition Facts Label is required on most pre-packaged food in the United States. This label lists the serving size, number of calories, and nutrient content per serving. This label also shows the %DV of certain nutrients.

Nutritionist

A nutritionist is a person who studies nutrition and gives advice related to health and diet.

O

Obesity: Obesity is a condition in which a person has enough excess fat that it is a health risk. Obesity can lead to many problems, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and osteoarthritis. A Body Mass Index of at least 30 is generally considered to be obese. Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in some parts of the world, with 300 million adults being obese.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid, found predominantly in fish oils. Omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of heart disease.

Organic

The term "organic" as relates to food and nutrition, refers to foods that are all natural and made without the use of conventional pesticides, fertilizers, bioengineering, etc. The USDA has guidelines that companies must follow in order to label their products as certified organic. Organic foods are often associated with natural, quality, more nutritious, and better tasting products.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by brittle and fragile bones due to poor bone mineral density. Risk factors for osteoporosis include advanced age, female sex, family history, early menopause, low calcium and vitamin D intake, tobacco smoking, and estrogen deficiency. Calcium and Vitamin D supplements can help people who are at risk for osteoporosis.

Ounce

An ounce is a unit of weight, equal to 1/16 of a pound. "Ounce" is also often used to refer to a "fluid ounce," which is a unit of volume or capacity. There are 8 fluid ounces in a "cup."

P

Pectin: Pectin is a gel that is obtained from plants, and is often used in making jams and jellies. Pectin is found in fruits such as apples, oranges, and plums.

Percent Daily Value (%DV)

Percent daily values are based on the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) of different nutrients. %DV is required on food labels and will tell you what percentage of the RDA that food provides. For instance, you may find that a particular food provides 7% of your daily fiber. The %DV is based on a 2,000 calorie per day diet.

Phaseolus Vulgaris (common bean)

Phaseolus vulgaris is a legume otherwise known as the common bean. It is used as a dry bean or a green bean, and comes from a plant found naturally in the Americas.

Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that is found in plant proteins. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disorder in which a person is unable to metabolize phenylalanine. Aspartame artificial sweetener is turned into phenylalanine in the body. Because of this, you will notice that products containing aspartame include a warning on the label, "Phenylketonurics: Contains phenylalanine."

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a mineral that is necessary for all living things. It helps transport energy through ATP, and helps maintain healthy body tissues.

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are chemical substances found in certain plants, some of which are known to be powerful antioxidants. They may also reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's. Polyphenol antioxidants can be found in foods such as pomegranates, black currants, green tea, white tea, red wine, and peanuts.

Potassium

Potassium is an essential mineral and has many functions in the human body.Potassium helps maintain electrolyte balance, allows muscle contractions, helps to lower blood pressure, and reduces the risk of stroke.Potassium is found in foods such as potatoes, bananas, and avocados.

Preservatives

Preservatives are natural or man-made chemicals that are added to food to help keep them fresh longer and delay spoilage.

Probiotics

A probiotic is something that contains and/or stimulates the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the body. Probiotics help to maintain a healthy digestive system, and are found in some food sources, including yogurt and sauerkraut.

Proteins

Proteins are made up of amino acids. Since the human body does not make all of its own amino acids, it is important to eat a diet containing protein. "Essential amino acids" are ones that the body does not synthesize, and must be obtained through diet. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein is equal to .8 grams for every kilogram (2.2 pounds) of ideal body weight.

Q

Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid that is an anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, and antioxidant. It can be found in foods such as apples, black tea, green tea, cherries and onions.

R

RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance): RDA are recommendations that were made by the National Research Council that state that amount of different nutrients that are required for most people to stay healthy. These guidelines have been broadened in more recent years and have become part of what is called Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), which is used to determine the Recommended Daily Values that you will find listed on food labels.

Rooibos (Red Tea)

Rooibos red tea is indigenous to South Africa and comes from a different plant than "true teas." Rooibos means "red bush" and refers to the plant that the tea is made from. Rooibos red tea has a unique color and flavor, and is naturally caffeine free. Potential health benefits from red tea include easing headaches and insomnia, treating hay fever and asthma, and boosting the immune system.

S

Saccharin: Saccharin is the oldest sugar substitute, invented in 1879. It is 300 times as sweet as sucrose, and has an unpleasant aftertaste. Saccharin may be a carcinogen, and a warning is required on all products containing saccharin.

Salmonella

Salmonella is a type of bacteria that may lead to food poisoning from consuming raw eggs or improperly cooked or handled poultry. To help avoid salmonella, make sure that eggs and meats are cooked properly before you eat them, and use soap to thoroughly clean hands, kitchen, and utensils that may have come in contact with animal foods.

Satiety

Satiety refers to the feeling of being full or satisfied after a meal.

Selenium

Selenium is an element that can be toxic in large doses. However, trace amounts of selenium are necessary for enzymes and cell functions in living things.Selenium is rich in antioxidants, and may help prevent cancer. It can be found in foods such as meat, rice, and wheat.

Serving size

Serving sizes are often listed on food labels under the nutrition facts. Serving size generally refers to the normal amount of the item that is eaten in one sitting. Serving sizes also make it easier to compare nutrition facts from one product to another.

Sodium

Sodium is what we taste as "salty." Table salt that we consume is known as "sodium chloride." The body needs a small amount of sodium each day to aid in the regulation of bodily fluids, nerve transmissions, and muscle contractions. Too much sodium, particularly from unnatural sources, can be unhealthy and potentially cause health complications.

South Beach diet

The South Beach is a three-phase diet that was developed by a cardiologist in Miami, FL. It focuses on eating "good carbs" and "good fats." The "good carbs" are high in fiber and have a low glycemic index. The "good fats" are unsaturated and contain omega-3 fatty acids.

Soybean (Soy)

The soybean is a legume indigenous to Asia. Soybeans can be eaten in their pod, or processed in a variety of ways. Soy products include soy flour, soymilk, tofu, soy sauce, and imitation meat products, among others. Soybeans are a good source of protein and may be important in the diet of vegetarians. The health effects of soy are controversial.

Starch

Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is white, odorless, and tasteless.It is found in foods such as potatoes, corn, rice, and wheat.Food starch is often used as a thickening agent in foods such as pudding and gravy.

Stevia

Stevia is a sweet herb found in Central and South America.It is sometimes used as a natural sweetener and is 300 times sweeter than sugar.It may have positive health effects on obesity and high blood pressure, and may be a good sugar alternative for diabetics.Its use is still controversial, though it has been approved by the FDA as a supplement.

Stomach

The stomach is an organ that is involved in the second stage of digestion. The stomach is on the left side of the abdominal cavity, and is between the esophagus and the small intestine. It is highly acidic and breaks down large food molecules.

Sucralose

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener that is 500 to 600 times as sweet as sugar.Unlike some other artificial sweeteners, sucralose can be used in baking. Sucralose is sold under the brand name Splenda.

Sucrose

Sucrose is another name for table sugar.Sucrose provides energy to the body, and quickly raises blood sugar levels.It is recommended that sucrose only be consumed sparingly, as too much can lead to problems such as tooth decay and obesity.

Sulfur

Sulfur is an element that is found in all living cells.Sulfur is essential for the make up and assembly of proteins.

T

Target heart rate: The target heart rate is the ideal heart rate range during aerobic exercise. Reaching your target heart rate will enable your body to get the full benefits of your workout. There are different ways to determine your target heart rate, but many of the methods take into consideration your age, your resting heart rate, and your normal level of physical activity.

Taste

Taste refers to the flavor or sensation that is created in the mouth when it is in contact with a substance.

Taurine

Taurine is an amino sulfonic acid that is important for metabolizing fats. It is found in many animal tissues, and may be useful for treating medical conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, Alzheimer's, and cystic fibrosis.

Theanine

Theanine is an amino acid that is found in teas such as black tea and green tea. It is thought to induce a feeling of relaxation. Theanine may also help boost the immune system.

Thyroid

The thyroid is an endocrine gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth and metabolism.

Toxin

A toxin is a substance that is poisonous and is produced from plants or animals. Toxins can cause disease when found in small amounts in the human body.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides make up natural fats and oils. Although triglycerides are an important energy source in the body, high levels of triglycerides in the blood have been linked with risk of heart disease, stroke, and pancreatitis.

Tyrosine

Tyrosine is an amino acid that is important for making proteins in the body. It cannot be completely made by the body, but is produced by plants.

U

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): The USDA is a government organization established to create and execute policies in regards to farming, agriculture, and food. It also helps to meet the needs of rural Americans, promotes agricultural trade, and protects natural resources.

V

Vanadium: Vanadium is a trace mineral that helps cells to grow and repair.

Vegan

A vegan is a "strict" vegetarian who does not eat or use any animal products.

Vegetable

"Vegetable" is a culinary term used to describe the edible parts of plants. Examples include lettuce, carrots, broccoli, and peas. Adults should consume 2 to 3 cups of vegetables each day. According to the USDA, foods in the vegetable group include fresh, dried, frozen, canned, or 100% vegetable juice.

Vegetarian

A vegetarian is someone who does not eat meat, and sometimes excludes all animal products from his or her diet. People become vegetarians for various reasons, including religion, health, ethical, or financial reasons.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is also known as retinol, and it is an important nutrient.Vitamin A is an antioxidant and is essential for proper growth and vision.It may be obtained from eating animal products or yellow, orange, and dark green fruits/vegetables.Good sources of vitamin A include spinach, liver, eggs, broccoli, carrots, and sweet potatoes.

Vitamin B complex group

The vitamin B complex group consists of 8 compounds that are essential for metabolism at the cellular level.The B vitamins are often found in the same foods.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 is a compound that is important in nutrition because it aids in the conversion of fat and carbohydrates into energy. It is essential for a healthy heart, nervous system, and digestive system. This vitamin can be found in unrefined grains, liver, beans, beef, and spinach.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is also called cyanocobalamin, and it can be found in foods such as liver, fish, and eggs. A deficiency in B12 can lead to anemia.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin, or Vitamin G.It is an important nutrient as it is involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It can be found in milk, liver, eggs, and green vegetables.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3, or niacin, is a vitamin that is important for metabolism. It can be found in foods such as milk, meat, eggs, and legumes.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is essential to the human body and is involved in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates. Good sources of this vitamin include whole grains and eggs.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is important for the metabolism of unsaturated fats and may other chemical reactions in the body. This vitamin can be found in cereals, bananas, green beans, chicken, and yeast.

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Biotin is a B-complex vitamin that is needed for metabolism and synthesis of fatty acids. It also helps to strengthen nails and hair.

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Vitamin B9, also known as folic acid, or folate, is a water-soluble form of Vitamin B, which is essential to the human body. Folic acid is necessary for the production of DNA.It can be found naturally in many fruits and vegetables, and is sometimes also taken as a supplement.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Also known as Vitamin C, ascorbic acid is a water-soluble nutrient and an antioxidant, which can be found in citrus fruits and green vegetables. The human body does not have the ability to produce ascorbic acid, so eating foods containing this vitamin is essential to healthy living.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble vitamins that are important for helping the body absorb calcium and helping to form strong bones. Vitamin D can be found in liver and fish oils, and is often fortified in foods such as milk and cereals. Exposure to sunlight also creates vitamin D in the body.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble vitamin that is also an antioxidant. It is claimed to aid in the healing of skin, and is often added to lotions. Vitamin E can be found in wheat germ oil, leafy vegetables, and egg yolks.

Vitamins

Vitamins are nutrients that are required in small amounts for the body to function. Since vitamins are not synthesized by the body, it is important to eat foods that are rich in vitamins. Vitamin supplements may also be taken.

Vitamins, Fat-Soluble

Fat-soluble vitamins cannot be dissolved in water. Rather, they are absorbed from the intestines with the aid of lipids, or fats, and are stored in the liver or in the body's fatty tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Vitamins, Water-Soluble

Water-soluble vitamins are only stored in the body for a short period of time before they are excreted by the kidneys (except for Vitamin B12, which is stored in the liver). For this reason, these vitamins need to be taken daily. Water-soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the B complex group.

W

Water (Drinking water): About 70% of the human body is made of water. Drinking water is essential for human life in order for the body to function properly and avoid dehydration. Having clean water to drink is also important, as impurities in the water can be dangerous to one's health. It is recommended that women take in at least 2.7 liters of water per day, and that men take in at least 3.7 liters of water per day. Water comes not only from drinking water, but also from other foods and beverages consumed. It is lost during urination, perspiration, and exhalation of water vapor. While it is often difficult to drink too much water, excessive amounts can lead to water intoxication, which can be fatal.

Whole Grain

Whole grains are grain products that have not been refined, and still contain the germ, bran, and endosperm. Whole grains include oatmeal, popcorn, and brown rice.

WIC

WIC is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children in the United States. It is a program that offers federal assistance in regards to healthcare and nutrition for low-income mothers and children less than five years of age.

Y

Yeast: Yeast is actually a microorganism classified as a fungus. Yeast cells are used in baking because they cause dough to expand and rise. An overgrowth of yeast in the body can cause medical problems such as thrush.

Z

Zinc: Zinc is an important mineral, as it aids the body in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Zinc may have antioxidant effects on the body, and helps to keep the immune system healthy. It can be found in foods such as oysters, meat, beans, nuts, and sunflower seeds.